A Thumbnail Timeline - Class Discussion basics for Mac's Bible History Class
This blog is an expansion of the timeline that Mac sent around for us to review.
The first, and most important thing to understand about Biblical dating is that it is not exact. The Jewish calendar has only 360 days a year rather than the 365.25 solar days that we use. Consider everything as "circa".
Consider the following timeline and its events. This is the timeline that Mac discussed in class and is a brief version of important global events before the birth of Christ. For further information on the personage mentioned, there is a link which will take you to an article on him.
722 - 21 BCE Israel's 10 Tribes are conquered by Assyria and deported.
638 - 559 BCE Solon is an Athenian reformer.
628 BCE Zoroaster is born.
621 BCE Draco rules Athens.
600 BCA Cyrus the Great is born.
597 BCE The upper classes of Israel are deported AGAIN, this time to
Babylon.
595 BCE Croesus of Lydia is born.
586 BCE Judah and Jerusalem are destroyed.
563 BCE The Buddha is born.
551 BCE Confucius is born.
Zoroaster dies.
550 BCE Darius the Great (Mede) is born.
547 BCE Cyrus conquers Lydia.
539 BCE Cyrus conquers Babylon.
530 BCE Cyrus the Great dies. His son Cambyses assumes the throne.
Cambyses invades Egypt, Meroe, & Libya.
522 BCE Cambyses dies.
519 BCE Xerxes I is born.
516 BCE Ezra's Temple is re-consecrated.
509 BCE ROME BECOMES A REPUBLIC.
495 BCE Pericles is born.
486 BCE Darius the Great dies.
483 BCE The Buddha dies.
479 BCE The Battle of Thermopylae / Golden age of Greece
Pericles (see article below).
Confucius dies.
470 BCE Socrates is born.
465 BCE Xerxes I dies.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE With the threat from the east gone Athens begins a fifty year period under the brilliant statesman Pericles (495-429 BC) during which time the Parthenon was built on the Acropolis and the city becomes the artistic, cultural and intellectual as well as commercial center of the Hellenic world, attracting all sorts of smart and interesting people and taking command of the other Greek states. Continuing their war against the Persians they liberate the Ionian Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Aegean islands.
In 478 the Delian League is formed by Athens and its allies on the island of Delos, the sacred island of Apollo. After swearing an oath, these Greek city-states, some who were forced to join by threats, begin to rid the land of the last remaining Persians and free the seas of piracy. But as enemies became fewer and members of the league want to devote their resources to peaceful endeavors, Athens is becoming more powerful and forces other members do what is best for Athens. This takes the form of payments, supposedly for the maintenance of the fleet, from the other members. The flow of money is used to build the temples and monuments of the city of Athens. When the island of Thassos rebels against this payment they are attacked by Athens. In 454 the treasury of Delos is moved to the Acropolis for 'safe-keeping'.
444 BCE Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem.
431 BCE The Peloponnesian Wars begin. They will last until 404 BCE. Athens fights
Sparta for control of Greece.
430 BCE Malachi is the last Old Testament Prophet.
429 BCE Pericles dies.
428 BCE Plato is born.
399 BCE Socrates dies.
390 BCE Gauls sack Rome.
384 BCE Aristotle is born.
382 BCE Philip II of Macedon is born. Philip II is Alexander's father.
380 BCE Darius III (Great) is born in Persia.
371 BCE The Battle of Leuktra. Thebes defeats Sparta and rules Greece.
Philip II is taken hostage by Thebes, spends his time in captivity studying
the military tactics of the famous Theban Sacred Band.
356 BCE Alexander the Great is born.
347 BCE Plato dies.
340 BCE Chandragupta Maurya is born.
336 BCE Philip II dies.
330 BCE Alexander the Great defeats Darius III and the Hellenistic Empire begins.
This stops the Persianization of greater Europe.
323 BCE Alexander the Great dies in Babylon.
322 BCE The Successor Wars: The rule of Ptolemy I in Egypt, Judah & Seleucos I
in Syria, Babylon and Judah (2 of the 4 little Horns in Daniel's prophecy).
320 BCE Bindusara Maurya is born.
317 BCE Chandragupta Maurya subdues Alexander's successors, Peithon. Civil war
enables him to seize Taxila, the capital of Punjab. A peace treaty was forged
recognizing the Seleucid Empire and the Mauryan empires.
269 BCE Ashoka Maurya succeeds his father Bindusara Maurya. He converts to
Buddhism.
264 BCE Punic Wars begin: Rome vs. Carthage.
259 BCE Emperor Qin (Chin) is born in pre-unified China.
232 BCE Ashoka Maurya dies. His son Dasaratha Maurya assumes the throne until
224.
221 BCE Qin Dynasty begins and China is unified.
Hannibal rises to power in Carthage when his father, Hamilcar Barca is
assinated.
218 BCE The 2nd Punic War begins when Hannibal begins his march over the Alps.
215 BCE Antiochus Epiphanes IV (Daniel's man of cunning, guile, and intrigue).
175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes reigned and was best known for the forced
Hellenization of the Jews
167 BCE The Wars of the Maccabees begins as a result of Antiochus Epiphanes
IV's Hellenization policies.
147 BCE The Hasmonean Victories - Seleucids restore autonomy to Judea.
146 BCE Carthage is destroyed and the Punic Wars end. Rome is the dominant
power on the Italian peninsula.
The Achaean War: Rome invades the free cities' league of Macedonian
Greece in response to a popular uprising. Greece becomes nothing more
than the Roman provinces of Achaea and Epirus.
141 BCE Judah becomes an independent state.
134 BCE John Hyrcanus (see below), repels invasion of Judea led by Antiochus VIII
Sidetes. He allied with Rome and conquered Samaria and Idumaea (Edom)
and forced them to convert to Judaism. Judah is expanded, the Pharisees
and the Sadducees become well-defined religious parties.
Hasmonean Dynasty, also spelled Hasmonaean, dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid dynasty. He soon became independent of the Seleucids as high priest, ruler, and ethnarch of Judaea; the offices were hereditary, and Simon thus became the first of the Hasmonean dynasty. He was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus I, Aristobulus I, Alexander Jannaeus and his widow Salome Alexandra, Aristobulus II, John Hyrcanus II, and the last Hasmonean, Antigonus, who was deposed and executed by the Romans under Mark Antony.
106 BCE Pompey is born. NOTE: Pompey's rivalry with Julius Caesar, disputing the
leadership of the Roman state (Caesar's civil war), was part of the larger
Roman Revolution which killed the Republic and contributed to the rise of
the Empire. Pompey's armies annex much of Palestine.
100 BCE Julius Caesar is born.
79 BCE Harod the Great is born.
73 BCE Spartacus' slave revolt. Pompey is given credit for its termination.
63 BCE Conflict between Hyrcannus/Pharisees and Aristobulus / Sadducees.
During Passover, Hyrcannus and his ally sheik Aretas of Petro besieged
Aristobulus in the Temple of Jerusalem. Both sides make a plea to Pompey
for help along with gifts. Aristobulus overplays his hand and Pompey
comes to Judah, sides with Hyrcannus and annexes Judah as a Roman
client. Pompey conquers Judah.
60 BCE First Roman Triumvirate formed: Caesar-Pompey-Crassus.
58 BCE Caesar conquers Gaul.
51 BCE Caesar conquers Britain.
49 BCE Civil war breaks out: Pompey is defeated by Julius Caesar.
Hyrcannus deposed.
48 BCE Pompey dies.
44 BCE Caesar dies.
37 BCE Herod the Great is appointed the King of the Jews by the Roman Senate.
30 BCE Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide.
27 BCE Octavian / Augustus comes to power, he is the first Roman emperor.
14 AD Augustus dies and Tiberius rules during Jesus' life but reluctantly.
The first, and most important thing to understand about Biblical dating is that it is not exact. The Jewish calendar has only 360 days a year rather than the 365.25 solar days that we use. Consider everything as "circa".
Consider the following timeline and its events. This is the timeline that Mac discussed in class and is a brief version of important global events before the birth of Christ. For further information on the personage mentioned, there is a link which will take you to an article on him.
722 - 21 BCE Israel's 10 Tribes are conquered by Assyria and deported.
638 - 559 BCE Solon is an Athenian reformer.
628 BCE Zoroaster is born.
621 BCE Draco rules Athens.
600 BCA Cyrus the Great is born.
597 BCE The upper classes of Israel are deported AGAIN, this time to
Babylon.
595 BCE Croesus of Lydia is born.
586 BCE Judah and Jerusalem are destroyed.
563 BCE The Buddha is born.
551 BCE Confucius is born.
Zoroaster dies.
550 BCE Darius the Great (Mede) is born.
547 BCE Cyrus conquers Lydia.
539 BCE Cyrus conquers Babylon.
530 BCE Cyrus the Great dies. His son Cambyses assumes the throne.
Cambyses invades Egypt, Meroe, & Libya.
522 BCE Cambyses dies.
519 BCE Xerxes I is born.
516 BCE Ezra's Temple is re-consecrated.
509 BCE ROME BECOMES A REPUBLIC.
495 BCE Pericles is born.
486 BCE Darius the Great dies.
483 BCE The Buddha dies.
479 BCE The Battle of Thermopylae / Golden age of Greece
Pericles (see article below).
Confucius dies.
470 BCE Socrates is born.
465 BCE Xerxes I dies.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE With the threat from the east gone Athens begins a fifty year period under the brilliant statesman Pericles (495-429 BC) during which time the Parthenon was built on the Acropolis and the city becomes the artistic, cultural and intellectual as well as commercial center of the Hellenic world, attracting all sorts of smart and interesting people and taking command of the other Greek states. Continuing their war against the Persians they liberate the Ionian Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Aegean islands.
In 478 the Delian League is formed by Athens and its allies on the island of Delos, the sacred island of Apollo. After swearing an oath, these Greek city-states, some who were forced to join by threats, begin to rid the land of the last remaining Persians and free the seas of piracy. But as enemies became fewer and members of the league want to devote their resources to peaceful endeavors, Athens is becoming more powerful and forces other members do what is best for Athens. This takes the form of payments, supposedly for the maintenance of the fleet, from the other members. The flow of money is used to build the temples and monuments of the city of Athens. When the island of Thassos rebels against this payment they are attacked by Athens. In 454 the treasury of Delos is moved to the Acropolis for 'safe-keeping'. 444 BCE Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem.
431 BCE The Peloponnesian Wars begin. They will last until 404 BCE. Athens fights
Sparta for control of Greece.
430 BCE Malachi is the last Old Testament Prophet.
429 BCE Pericles dies.
428 BCE Plato is born.
399 BCE Socrates dies.
390 BCE Gauls sack Rome.
384 BCE Aristotle is born.
382 BCE Philip II of Macedon is born. Philip II is Alexander's father.
380 BCE Darius III (Great) is born in Persia.
371 BCE The Battle of Leuktra. Thebes defeats Sparta and rules Greece.
Philip II is taken hostage by Thebes, spends his time in captivity studying
the military tactics of the famous Theban Sacred Band.
356 BCE Alexander the Great is born.
347 BCE Plato dies.
340 BCE Chandragupta Maurya is born.
According to Indian sources, Greek ("Yavana") troops seem to have assisted Chandragupta Maurya in toppling the Nanda Dynasty and founding the Mauryan Empire. By around 312 BC Chandragupta had established his rule in large parts of the north-western Indian territories as well. SEE Article on Cultural Links between the Greco and Indian Worlds
336 BCE Philip II dies.
330 BCE Alexander the Great defeats Darius III and the Hellenistic Empire begins.
This stops the Persianization of greater Europe.
323 BCE Alexander the Great dies in Babylon.
322 BCE The Successor Wars: The rule of Ptolemy I in Egypt, Judah & Seleucos I
in Syria, Babylon and Judah (2 of the 4 little Horns in Daniel's prophecy).
320 BCE Bindusara Maurya is born.
317 BCE Chandragupta Maurya subdues Alexander's successors, Peithon. Civil war
enables him to seize Taxila, the capital of Punjab. A peace treaty was forged
recognizing the Seleucid Empire and the Mauryan empires.
269 BCE Ashoka Maurya succeeds his father Bindusara Maurya. He converts to
Buddhism.
264 BCE Punic Wars begin: Rome vs. Carthage.
259 BCE Emperor Qin (Chin) is born in pre-unified China.
232 BCE Ashoka Maurya dies. His son Dasaratha Maurya assumes the throne until
224.
221 BCE Qin Dynasty begins and China is unified.
Hannibal rises to power in Carthage when his father, Hamilcar Barca is
assinated.
218 BCE The 2nd Punic War begins when Hannibal begins his march over the Alps.
215 BCE Antiochus Epiphanes IV (Daniel's man of cunning, guile, and intrigue).
175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes reigned and was best known for the forced
Hellenization of the Jews
167 BCE The Wars of the Maccabees begins as a result of Antiochus Epiphanes
IV's Hellenization policies.
147 BCE The Hasmonean Victories - Seleucids restore autonomy to Judea.
146 BCE Carthage is destroyed and the Punic Wars end. Rome is the dominant
power on the Italian peninsula.
The Achaean War: Rome invades the free cities' league of Macedonian
Greece in response to a popular uprising. Greece becomes nothing more
than the Roman provinces of Achaea and Epirus.
141 BCE Judah becomes an independent state.
134 BCE John Hyrcanus (see below), repels invasion of Judea led by Antiochus VIII
Sidetes. He allied with Rome and conquered Samaria and Idumaea (Edom)
and forced them to convert to Judaism. Judah is expanded, the Pharisees
and the Sadducees become well-defined religious parties.
Hasmonean Dynasty, also spelled Hasmonaean, dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid dynasty. He soon became independent of the Seleucids as high priest, ruler, and ethnarch of Judaea; the offices were hereditary, and Simon thus became the first of the Hasmonean dynasty. He was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus I, Aristobulus I, Alexander Jannaeus and his widow Salome Alexandra, Aristobulus II, John Hyrcanus II, and the last Hasmonean, Antigonus, who was deposed and executed by the Romans under Mark Antony.
106 BCE Pompey is born. NOTE: Pompey's rivalry with Julius Caesar, disputing the
leadership of the Roman state (Caesar's civil war), was part of the larger
Roman Revolution which killed the Republic and contributed to the rise of
the Empire. Pompey's armies annex much of Palestine.
100 BCE Julius Caesar is born.
79 BCE Harod the Great is born.
73 BCE Spartacus' slave revolt. Pompey is given credit for its termination.
63 BCE Conflict between Hyrcannus/Pharisees and Aristobulus / Sadducees.
During Passover, Hyrcannus and his ally sheik Aretas of Petro besieged
Aristobulus in the Temple of Jerusalem. Both sides make a plea to Pompey
for help along with gifts. Aristobulus overplays his hand and Pompey
comes to Judah, sides with Hyrcannus and annexes Judah as a Roman
client. Pompey conquers Judah.
60 BCE First Roman Triumvirate formed: Caesar-Pompey-Crassus.
58 BCE Caesar conquers Gaul.
51 BCE Caesar conquers Britain.
49 BCE Civil war breaks out: Pompey is defeated by Julius Caesar.
Hyrcannus deposed.
48 BCE Pompey dies.
44 BCE Caesar dies.
37 BCE Herod the Great is appointed the King of the Jews by the Roman Senate.
30 BCE Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide.
27 BCE Octavian / Augustus comes to power, he is the first Roman emperor.
14 AD Augustus dies and Tiberius rules during Jesus' life but reluctantly.
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